buy custom Nutrigenomics essay

buy custom Nutrigenomics essay The need for a good diet that sustains health, prevents and helps in the treatment of illnesses is an effort that has been in existence for quite some time now. All the same, the start of new technological tools of research has prompted researchers to conduct a thorough analysis of the multifaceted mechanisms that take part in the way the human body processes and reacts to food. Generally, this has influenced human health and the ultimate well-being of people in the society. Remarkably, the knowledge concerning the human genome has rapidly widened the scope of research in nutrition science. Nutrigenomics is a consequence of this emerging alliance that has been realized between nutrition and genomics (Mller and Kersten 2003, pp. 315-322). To be exact, nutrigenomics can be hard to define. This is so because it takes place with new technologies in health and with the emerging inquiries founded in science. All the same, nutrigenomics can be defined as a nutrition subspecialty that aims a t understanding the manner in which genome-diet interactions impact on a persons reaction to disease, susceptibility of disease and the health of the population at large. Nutrigenomics research endeavors to comprehend the way nutrients and other components of food impact on genome expression although it may also include the way genome of populations or individuals may influence the response to diet. Other than providing a general comprehension of the molecular mechanisms that exists in health and nutrition, nutrigenomics research usually tends to emphasize on knowledge and diagnostics that may be applied by subpopulations and/or persons to tailor their diet to prevent attacks by disease and enhance general well-being. Diseases like obesity are both influenced by the environment and genes. While obesity is becoming a major concern across the world, it is believed that the problem could be solved through nutrition technologies like nutrigenomics. In his report, McNally (2007, par.1) made a prediction stating that about more than 50% of the people in Britain will experience signs of obesity by the year 2050. Personalized nutrition is thought to be a very useful effort in dealing with the threat of obesity. Nutrigenomics offers the promise of good health founded on the understanding of the nutritional needs of a human being, health and nutritional status and genotype. Nutrigenomics has emerged as a solution to obesity, type two diabetes and over-nutrition. The scope of diseases that can be handled through nutrigenomics is likely going to increase with the dramatic development that is being experienced in the field. Nutrigenomics is a preventive approach that seeks to ensure good health. The role of nutrition and diet has been and is most likely going to be exhaustively researched. To prevent the establishment of disease, the research in nutrition is seeking to investigate the way nutrition can maintain and optimize tissue, cellular, organ and generally the entire homeostasis process that takes place in the human body. This call for knowledge about the way nutrients perform at the molecular level. It includes a mass of interactions related to nutrients at the metabolic, protein and gene levels. This has been a continuous effort that began from epidemiology then to physiology and from molecular biology to genetics and finally nutrigenomics emerged (Garcia-Bailo et al. 2009, pp.69-80). The development and emergence of nutrigenomics has been made possible as a result of the powerful research on genetics. This is basically the area that has advanced the role of nutrigenomics in promoting preventive health. The inter-personal variations in genetics or genetic differences which have an influence on phenotypes and on metabolism were identified initially in nutrition research. Later on, these phenotypes were defined. The main objectives of nutrigenomics also incorporates the ability to show the outcome of bioactive food elements on health and the influence of health foods on human health which should amount to the expansion of functional foods that will help people to remain healthy based on their personal needs. Nutrigenomics appreciates the fact that nutrients can interact and at the same time adjust molecular mechanisms that underlie the physiological functions of an organism. Based on this fact, nutrigenomics main role is to establish preventive measures to guarantee and sustain a healthy body (Kaput et al. 2006, pp. 5-11). Nutrigenomics performs epidemiological reserch scaled on populations making use of genetic knowledge to establish scientific conclusions and informed nutritional recommendations that promote the well being of individuals and populations (Godard and Ozdemir 2008, pp. 227-28). The field probes much in the connection between nutrition and gene to capitalize on development of suitable health promoting personal diets. Nutrigenomics explains the relationship between genes and nutrition with a common eventual objective of optimizing health by way of diet personalization. Moreover, it offers a very robust approach to untangle the multifaceted link between nutritional molecules, polymorphisms of genes and the biological system entirely (Garcia-Bailo et al. 2009, pp.69-80). With the help of nutrigenomics, it has been possible to point out biochemical disorders and their probable causes. They have been connected to their origin in genes. Having established such a fact, nutrigenomics comes up with a product that seeks to ensure that such a situation is not realized. As earlier mentioned, nutrigenomics plays a pro-active role in ensuring that the most likely diseases to be caused by the environment and genes are hampered. The genetic disorders that lead to pathological effects have easily been identified and defined through nutrigenomics. For instance, the polymorphism genetic disorder that is found in the hormone Leptin gene ends up in an obese condition. Others like folate metabolism result from human nutrition. With nutrigenomics, nutrients have been used as signals that make known a certain diet to a particular cell in the human body (Ferguson 2009, pp.452-58). Nutrigenomics demonstrates that nutrients are sensed through a sensor system in the body cell. Such a kind of sensory system operates like a sensory ecology in a way in which the cell gets information by the signal which in this case is the nutrient concerning the environment which is the diet. This system of senses that construes information from nutrients concerning the environment (diet) comprises transcription factors as well as many other additional proteins. After the nutrient has completely interacted with such a kind of sensory system, it converts gene, metabolite production and protein expression based on the nutrient level sensed. This is how nutrigenomics has been used to deal with the complications and disorders that are experienced in the human body. Consequently, various diets must draw out different forms of gene as well as protein expression and even the metabolite production (Subbiah 2008, pp. 229-35). The patterns of such effects as described above are the main descriptions that nutrigenomics seeks to highlight. They are called dietary signatures. These dietary signatures are evaluated in particular cells, body tissues and organisms and through this; the manner through nutrition impacts on the process of homeostasis is examined. The genes which are influenced by the varying levels of nutrients should be pointed out and then their control is studied. The variations in this control and regulation are occasioned by the variations that occur between the genes of different individuals. Generally, nutrigenomics has played a very significant role in determining the relationship between diet and genes (Subbiah 2008, pp. 229-35). This has been a very useful concept and approach that has been used to address many health problems through preventive measures put in place based on the scientific research between nutrition and genes. Genome is generally the instruction code written into peoples DNA. These instructions tell the human body how to function. Ideally, most of the genome is similar in each and very individual. However, there are small variations in peoples DNA and these are what make a particular person unique and different from another. These differences are referred to as Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and they influence all kinds of things like athletic performance, hair color and assimilation process in the human body. Nutrigenomics has also been used to impact on athletic performance. What is required is to understand the genome. With such an understanding, nutrigenomics has been used further to help people understand the kind of routine and exercise as well as the changes that may be required to make maximize wellness. Common intelligence has it that a marathoner is most likely going to have success in a 100-meter race. The converse is also true. Even though it can be easy to envisage that the v ariation in genes is a chief ssource of the variations in athletic performance, pointing out the real genetic causes needs a careful grouping of athletic traits and a thorough analysis. Consequently, individuals are expected to know that both lifestyle and genetic make up have the ability to influence health and general wellness in them (Stover and Caudill 2008, pp.1480-87). Drawbacks of Nutrigenomics Despite their inception into the world of health science and nutrition, a lot of research is still needed before the diets of nutrigenomics become an influential reality. The diet-gene interactions are believed to be very few. Based on this, it is also believed that there is not enough information that can amount to a specific useful advice. Moreover, it is also believed that there are fewer genetic differences that can be screened. Nutrigenomics can also be limited in the sense that prescriptions in the field will perhaps be different based on age and other physiological factors like pregnancy (Subbiah 2008, pp. 229-35). On a different note, some of these nutrigenomics may not be useful in some communities and some class of people. The testing of nutrigenomic raises a lot ethical issues like whether the genetic profiling must all the time be constrained to the wealthy clients or it should be made available as a standard coverage of healthcare (Rawson 2008, pp. 23-36). There are some places where people may not really be fighting with cases such as obesity among other complications. Therefore, nutrigenomics may be limited to some geographical locations. Again, there is no empirical evidence that changes in nutrition based on the commercial analysis recommendation will cut down a persons risk of developing a given illness. Some researchers also tend to believe that, examining a handful of genes from a hair snippet or a swab from the mouth and coming up with a plan of diet and a huge bill for the same is a waste of finances and the way is impulsive (Kaput et al. 2006, pp. 5-11). Nutrigenomics companies need to counteract to the allegations that they are making claims that are false. In the past, nutrigenomic effects have been said to lack in scientific accountability and may be deceiving the consumer. There is also the challenge of counterfeit goods that have no background in nutrigenomics but still dominating the market. The current options for consumers are not that stable. There are still issues related to scientific proof on their application and use. Some authorities believe that it is a mere rip off from the consumer. The nutrigenomics are not that relevant to the consumer. The products are mainly bought by the wealthy class and people with weight problems and family chronic diseases. They are also common amongst people with concerns about aging and diseases that are related to age. Again, people with a strong commitment to health matters happen to be among the main consumers (Stover and Caudill 2008, pp. 1480-87). The Future of Nutrigenomics Nutrigenomics has experienced a low impact in the past mainly amongst the middle and upper class citizens. It has previously been seen as an expensive fad amongst the consumers. Even up to now, the impact is not yet felt fully. Consumer education would be significant for the future of these nutrigenomics and the public health in general. However, nutrient-related diseases seem to be increasing and affecting people of all race, age and social class. Therefore, nutrigenomics might be potentially useful in the future. Nutrigenomics will have a very huge impact on diets in the future and in the society at large (Rawson 2008, pp. 23-36). It is expected that its impact will be felt in a wide scope ranging from dietary practices and agriculture to medicine and lastly to public and social policies. Conclusion Nutrigenomics is thus a science that has put together the relationship of genes and nutrition to come up with preventive health measures. The concept takes a pro-active approach in dealing with nutrition-oriented diseases like obesity among others. Nutrigenomics has been realized among the wealthy individuals and this has had a negative impact on their usefulness and influence. Well, the current inception and the use of nutrigenomics may be seen as an expensive fad but soon it is going to be a potentially useful concept acting as a standard coverage of health. Buy custom Nutrigenomics essay

English - Hazard Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English - Hazard Communication - Essay Example The general public is relatively ignorant when it comes to information on hazardous chemicals. II. Description of the problem Manufacturers Chemical manufacturers and suppliers are at fault for failing to give adequate information to the public concerning the hazardous character of chemicals. This is despite the fact that, each and every chemical manufacturer is required by law to give sufficient information on the hazardous nature of chemicals. As a result, many people have suffered chemical accidents that have scarred their lives. The standard for hazard communication requires that information be made available, through material safety data sheets, training of employees and labeling of chemicals. Therefore, chemical manufacturers are required to document comprehensive literature on the hazardous nature of the chemicals they produce. Each chemical should have its name, synonyms, acronyms, Chemical Abstracts Services, as well as its chemical designation and substance composition. Inf ormation on substance composition should include active ingredients, inactive components, and impurities. In order to ensure that information on the hazardous nature of chemicals is easily comprehensible, manufacturers and exporters should also use texts and symbols. Employers and employees Most affected are employees working in chemical producing companies, who are oblivious of the hazards they are subjected to at the work place. This is the primary group that needs to have access to hazardous communication. This is because they come into contact with these chemicals on a daily basis, thus rendering them vulnerable to danger. Employers need to protect their employees from danger by conducting training programs on how to handle, transport, store, and dispose of hazardous substances. Once employees have access to such kind of information, they become increasingly aware of their rights, as well as how to best protect themselves. General public However, the general public should not be isolated, as they often come into contact with chemicals, and they deserve to know how to handle such chemicals. There have been numerous reports of people going health facilities to seek medical help after mishandling chemicals. Some chemicals have permanent effects on victims, for example carcinogenic chemicals. Public awareness needs to be conducted to prevent people from being harmed by these chemicals. III. Significance of inquiry It is the prerogative of manufacturers and suppliers to give adequate information concerning the hazardous nature of chemicals to target audiences. It is not humanly possible for employers to evaluate and document all the safety hazards a chemical can cause to its employees. Nevertheless, employees have the right to be informed of the dangers they are most likely to face, when they come into contact with these chemicals, as well as how they can protect themselves. However, this information is not always readily available, thus the essence of this pro posal, to champion for the rights of the public to be well-versed of the threats and risks of dealing with these chemicals. More needs to be done to ensure safety management is upheld in all areas concerning chemical handling. This will in turn, lead to a significant reduction in the number of people suffering from chemical related problems. IV. Relevance statement The

Quality and Performance Excellence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quality and Performance Excellence - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Baldrige focuses on the performance excellence for all aspects of an organization in an overall management framework. Six Sigma deals with the internal quality with an aim of improving the standards and reducing the costs. Overall, they are all similar since they deal with quality improvement in the workplace.ISO 9000, on the other hand, pay more attention to the quality and conformity of the products and services according to the set guidelines to provide equity in the market. The system is more concerned with fixing the issue with the products and service non-conformity and quality system problems. For the Six Sigma, more emphasis is laid on measuring the quality of the products and working on process improvement design to reduce the overall costs. All these processes, however, are management-led, data-based, process focused and aims at helping the organization improve performance and increase customer satisfaction. The level of emphas is and how these processes of operations are carried out causes variation within an organization such as the quality of the processes policies instituted, and the review of these policies. TecSmart Electronics dwell on quality, service and to meet the customers’ expectations which in turn help the organization grow. The management of the company followed some of the quality and performance excellence models which help it maintain a clear focus. One of the quality and performance models the company has focused on is the Deming’s 14 points. Some of the plans instituted include framing company policies such as an emphasis on quality and services. Imparting skills to the employees and dissemination of the information; information gathering for quality control; analysis of the obtained data to assess the areas where to rectify; standardization of the products and services; quality assurance of the entire processes and having future plans about the organization.

The relationship between the nations of the global north and the Essay

The relationship between the nations of the global north and the global south, both before World War II and especially afterwards - Essay Example Even the Global North was effected with the political scenario that prevailed in the scene of pre First World War events and the post Second World War events. Japan for example was totally destroyed by the events that took place in the Second World War. Prior to the Second World War, Japanese government undertook offensive intentions that were dangerous towards the world as well as their own prosperity. The occurrence of the event of Hiroshima and Nagasaki crippled the entire structure of existence and led to destruction in totality. In the post world war second scenario, Japan had to start from scratch in order to provide the people with a means of living and also support their basic needs. In the post world war Two Scenario, the North had an edge over the South. Since the South was economically and politically weak, the North aimed at cashing in on this weakness and in turn provided them conditional assistance. This assistance came about in the form of political dictions. The events of the Cold War in the post Second World War events led to the more suited atmosphere for the North part of the world to bring about their own dictated terms upon the South. The South, badly in need of resources, funds and other basic needs to maintain their economic growth and prevent themselves from falling below the poverty line, had to embrace the tough and vested conditions and interests of the North. The events that took place in the earlier part had a greater impact for the major part of the 20th century. Its traces can be felt even in the modern times in the different parts of the world. The South American continent that comprises of the states of the likes of Bolivia, Cuba, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Peru are still in the throes of economic hurdles and obstacles. In the post First World One scenario, there were two distinct blocs within the Europe, United states of America and its other allies aimed at creating trust and partnership within. While the Central powers

Culture and Social Structure Essay Example for Free

Culture and Social Structure Essay Culture is a difficult thing to strictly define. Such a large variety of societal aspects fall under its realm, that its sometimes complicated to draw a line between what is part of a culture and what is not. To put it in extremely vague terms, culture is a way of life. All the traits that make up a particular society, from religious beliefs to modes of dress to art to methods of farming, build up a culture. Culture includes the good and the bad, the old and the new, the strong and the weak essentially it includes everything. Many varieties of cultures exist. There are the obvious ethnic cultures African-American culture, Latino culture, Greek culture, etc., each with their own foods, art, religion, familial roles, and values. American culture, for example, is generally considered to be relaxed apple pie, blue jeans, baseball and the like. Family roles are not set in stone, there is freedom to choose a religion based on ones own comfort (or choose no religion at all), and while a certain level of morality is maintained, values are generally loose. Compare this to the culture of the remote parts of India. There, a woman is required to serve her husband and his family, even after his death. They are very devout, and there is only one religion to choose from. They are held to a strict moral code, and anyone who violates this code is considered an outcast. There are many other ways to consider culture. There is the culture of a particular age group. A septuagenarian has a way of life very different than that of a teenager. His music, dress, beliefs, and goals are generally dissimilar to those of his younger counterpart. Or there is the culture of a particular time period. Pre-historic culture is, through modern inventions and human development, very different than the culture of today. A very important part of any culture is the social structure within. The social structure is essentially the roles or positions that particular individuals or groups in a culture fall into. For example, in the American culture, the President takes on a leadership role, those in the armed forces take on a protective role, and everyday citizens take on the responsibility of keeping the economy alive. On a much smaller scale, the social structure exists within a family as well. In your typical family, the mother takes on a nurturing position, while the father takes on the responsibility of earning money and providing for the others. Similarly, on a sports team, the coach is the leader, charged with guiding and motivating his players. The players themselves are responsible for putting forth their best effort and taking the team as far as it can go. While culture can be hard to define using words, one need only look around to experience everything that culture contains. Ones everyday life is culture, from the worldwide culture that everyone lives in, down to the personal culture of ones own house. Each person has a role in many different social structures, and each role is genuinely important. It is these roles, in these social structures that make up every part of every culture.

The Lamentation over the Dead Christ

The Lamentation over the Dead Christ Classicism in â€Å"The Lamentation over the Dead Christ† The Renaissance Era was an epoch of artistic resurgence in the history of Europe. This period was marked by developments in Italian Renaissance paintings with the renewal of classical forms, motifs and subjects. In edict to discern the Classicism that prospered during this age, conceivably without need, from the Classical architecture of the ancient Romans. The exploration for cerebral legitimacy through art set apart the period. During this period, contemporary Classicism was described as the â€Å"proper technique†. Methodically, this set in motion a blitz against Baroque art, which, with its highlighting of embellishment and delusion, was considered to be distinctly fictitious. Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), in particular, modeled his work entitled â€Å"The Lamentation over the Dead Christ† (c.1480) in rudiments of Classicism. Mantegna used mainly foreshortening, a perspective used for compressing objects from a definitive viewpoint and chiaroscuro, the contrast between light and shadows bring this painting to life with essentials of Classicism. In this period, Classicism took on more visibly structural insinuations of the use of perspective, chiefly by the use of Foreshortening. Foreshortening occurs when an object appears compressed when seen from a particular viewpoint, and the effect of perspective causes distortion. Foreshortening is a predominantly constructive creative mechanism, used to give the sense of three-dimensional capacity and generate emotion in a picture. To sensationalize the supine Christ in perception, Mantegna paints his light source higher up the horizon line, to create illusion that the viewer will appear to be looking at an angle. The more askew the vanishing point, the more slanted the icon will be, as seen in the painting. Because the body of Christ is supine and symmetrical, the vanishing point is diametrically in the core of the perspective line. Because the spectators plane is parallel to Christs head at this point, the base perspective line appears to be horizontal. This imaginary line gives the fundamental, foreshortening perspective. The farther away the image is from the viewer, the nearer the illusion is to being perpendicular to the portrait plane, as seen in the Dead Christ. The position of the mourners (The Virgin Mary and St. John) are on the horizon line, to th e left the desertion point (Christs Head), as another foremost model to carry this position of foreshortening. The expanse from this point to the center of the perspective line denotes the distance within the painting for the viewer. If the point is isolated from the vanishing point, the mourners will appear condensed, and distant. If it is too close, they will emerge lengthened, as if it is too close to the observer. Essentially distorting the ray of light traveling from its origin to the onlookers judgment and ruining the illusion within the painting. This element is key to understanding Mantegnas brilliance of perspective in this fresco. In the case of the holes in Christs hands and feet; the perspective of the light source that illuminates (at an angle) the area of the holes also represents the use of foreshortening on the picture plane. When the light source hits the area of the holes, it hits at the appropriate angle on the picture plane. In order for the resulting image to ap pear identical to the intended scene, the eyewitness of the perspective must scrutinize the image from the exact vantage point used in the geometric calculations comparative to Christ. This proper use of foreshortening abandons visual imperfections that what would appear to be alterations in the painting when analyzed from a discrete point. These conspicuous distortions in foreshortening are more evident when viewing Christs thorax; as the perspective estimated from the surroundings, to the spectator becomes more finely tuned and comparative to the portrait base. In application, unless the viewer desires a radical perspective, like viewing the body of Christ from the base, the perspective on the whole, is in all probability accurate. It has been recommended that a painting in standpoint still seems to be in perspective at other spots because the individual still distinguishes it as a painting, because of the quality in its profundity of field indications due to the use of foreshortening. For a emblematic perspective, conversely, the field of view in the Dead Christ is tapered to the point, that the distortions are negligible and the fresco can be viewed from a site other than the tangible designed vantage point without seeming distorted, which in turn, buttress Mantegnas conclusion to paint the feet of Christ less significant than the customary individuals. While speaking at a summit on Greek mathematics and philosophy, Plato (429-347 B.C.E.) was quoted in repute to artwork, as stating, Thus (through perspective) every sort of confusion is revealed within us; and this is that weakness of the human mind on which the art of conjuring and of deceiving by light and shadow and other ingenious devices imposes, having an effect upon us like magic And the arts of measuring and numbering and weighing come to the rescue of the human understanding (Plato qtd. in Kahn) The applied use of the expression â€Å"chiaroscuro†, is the outcome of light representation in painting, in which three- dimensional capacity is advocated by the measure of color and the systematic partition of light and shadow contours on a two dimensional plane in a model of artwork. The creation of these belongings in the West, Skiagraphia or shadow-painting to the primeval Greeks, was attributed to the celebrated Athenian painter of the 5th century BC, Apollodoros. In the print of the Dead Christ, the light is approaching in from one encoded course exceeding Christs body, then light and silhouette will match to a set of natural conventions. An underscore of luminosity on Christs shroud symbolizes the summit where the brilliance is being revealed most unswervingly. This is most often attributed as a lightened white area, as seen in the shroud in Figure 1. As the viewers eye moves away from this emphasis, radiance strikes the article less candidly and consequently broadcast s a darker assessment of hues on the shroud. This changeover continues until the onlooker reaches the point where the darkness of the piercingly drawn material meets the lighted portion of the shroud. Here, there is a more abrupt conversion to darker values since no light is salient between Christs feet. Some oblique light is offered on the underside of Christs feet as the muted side does not turn unyieldingly dark. This is the product of reflected and refracted daylight that logically become apparent within the painting. As the viewer looks at the intense frame of the body of Christ, it is noticeable that it is patently lighter than the shadowed area of the mourners. Light in the environment is illuminating the background. The throw shadows are at odds, with separate values as well. Then, as light becomes more available, the same cast shadow lightens in increments until it reaches the shadows circumference. Craigie Aitchison (1923-2009), a Scottish painter and one of the better kno wn critically esteemed Royal Academians (Members Royal Academy of Arts have a exclusive position in being recognized as reputed artists and architects whose sole objective is to endorse the creation, pleasure and awarnessof the visual arts through exhibitions, education and debate), recalls the Dead Christ as his favorite painting, stating, â€Å"I like it because it tells a Story Its a wonderful reddy colour and terrifically drawn If ever a painting was clear, its this one. Its fantastically clear about the story its telling theres no muddling about. It couldnt be any other way.† (Aitchison). Mantegna dominates and operates this modus operandi to generate a inventive sense of pathos in the mourners and character in the Dead Christ. The Mantegna painting, with light entering from above, illustrates a faint modeling of chiaroscuro to give quantity to the body of Christ, which in turn, confirms the strong stimulus of Greek inspired Classicism in this fresco. The contrasts betw een light and shadows bring this painting to life with essentials of Classicism. The Renaissance Era was an epoch of artistic resurgence in the history of Europe. This period was marked by developments in Italian Renaissance paintings with the renewal of classical forms, motifs and subjects. In edict to discern the Classicism that prospered during this age, conceivably without need, from the Classical architecture of the ancient Romans. The exploration for cerebral legitimacy through art set apart the period. During this period, contemporary Classicism was described as the â€Å"proper technique†. Methodically, this set in motion a blitz against Baroque art, which, with its highlighting of embellishment and delusion, was considered to be distinctly fictitious. Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), in particular, modeled his work entitled â€Å"The Lamentation over the Dead Christ† (c.1480) in rudiments of Classicism. Mantegna used mainly foreshortening, a perspective used for compressing objects from a definitive viewpoint and chiaroscuro, the contrast between light and shadows bring this painting to life with essentials of Classicism. Mantegnas version of the Dead Christ, is regarded as an indispensable art piece exemplifying the use of Classicism. Thus, he deserves the acclaim for the merit of these essentials in his work of art.

Serial Killers Essay -- Papers Psychology Murder Crime Essays

Serial Killers Introduction to Psychology Introduction In the past two decades, the creature known as the serial killer has captured the attention of the American culture. With the dozens of books and movies centered around serial killers the term has become a trendy catch phrase, replacing earlier terms such as "homicidal maniac". Fiction and screenwriters use the term "serial killers" with such casual abandon that is seems the meaning of the term escapes them. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my family and friends for encouraging me back to school so I can one day parlay my BIZARRE interest into a bonafide career. Justification of Problem Are serial killers born or made? What stops us from killing a disloyal friend or total stranger with nice shoes? Or ? to rephrase the question ? what fails to stop some people from committing such murders? This question has baffled psychologist, sociologists and criminologists for many years, and is the very essence of trying to establish the nature of this crime. The born or made argument, known as the "Nature versus Nurture" debate, asks whether criminality is due to genetic factors, and therefore unavoidable, or whether it is the product of social situations, environmental surroundings or other external factors. While the debate is a noble one, we must first answer the question ? What is a serial killer? Literature Review On February 9, 1978, 12 year-old Kimberly Leach disappeared; she was found in the first week of April, her body discovered near Suwanee State Park. In 1609, 25 handpicked daughters of Polish nobles left home to attend instruction in social graces at the Csejthe Castle; none left alive. The body of Rose Ambramovitz was found sprawled a... ...nd just as the heroin addict?s need for a fix may drive him to steal, the serial killer?s obligation to the fantasy drives him to murder. In short, the cycle of the serial killer is no different from the cycle of any other addict, the end result being functionally the same as the heroin addict?s theft. Bibliography: References Abrahamsen, David. (1973). The Murdering Mind. New York: Harper & Row. Alexander, Bruce. (1988). "The Disease and Adaptive Models of Addiction." In Stanton Peele (ed.), Visions of Addiction. Lexington: DC Heath & Company. Rule, Ann. (1996). "The I-45 Killer". New York: New American Library. Schechter, Harold & Everitt, David. (1996). "A to Z: Encyclopedia of Serial Killers". New York: Pocket Books. U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee. (1984). "Serial Murders". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office